Other indications include skeletal muscle spasticity, catatonia, eclampsia, sleepwalking, night terrors, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.Preoperative and procedural sedation : diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam.Seizures and status epilepticus : diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, clonazepam.Alcohol withdrawal : chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam.Insomnia : flurazepam, temazepam, triazolam, lormetazepam.Anxiety disorders : chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam.Benzodiazepines decrease the duration of N3 phase in NREM sleep, thereby reducing the occurrence of sleepwalking and night terrorsīenzo increases the frequenzo of Cl-channel opening.Benzodiazepines are in direct GABA A receptor agonists that bind to GABA-A receptors → ↑ affinity of GABA to bind to GABA A receptors → ↑ GABA action → ↑ opening frequency of chloride channels → hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuronal membrane → ↓ neuronal excitability.Long-acting : ( half-life > 40 hours) : diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, tetrazepam, flurazepam.Intermediate-acting : ( half-life 12–40 hours) : lorazepam, temazepam, oxazepam, lormetazepam, alprazolam.Short-acting : ( half-life 1–12 hours) : midazolam, triazolam.Sleep disturbances: abnormal dreams, nightmares, sleep terrors.Antagonism of orexin ( hypocretin) receptors → ↓ wakefulness.

Activation of MT1 and MT2 receptors in suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus → ↓ sleep-onset latency.

Generalized-onset and focal-onset seizures.

Intermediate-acting: amobarbital, butalbital

Short-term treatment for insomnia or anxiety.

Short-acting: pentobarbital, secobarbital

GABA A receptor agonism → ↓ neuronal excitability in the brain → ↓ ICP and sedative, hypnotic, and antiepileptic effects.

Ultra-short acting: thiopental, methohexital Long-acting: diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, tetrazepam, flurazepam Intermediate-acting: lorazepam, temazepam, oxazepam, lormetazepam, alprazolam

Indirect GABA A receptor agonism → ↓ neuronal excitability.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Antidote of benzodiazepine toxicity